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ISSN 0091-6749

through the accumulation of defense enzymes such as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, lignin-like/lignin, hydrogen peroxide, and callose deposition ( Arabidopsis , European beech and soybean has been shown to upregulate defense hormone pathways, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene which are key regulators of plant immunity ( Eucalyptus , Phi-induced damage to root elongation zones and root tips has surprisingly been observed to benefit the plant by restricting pathogen infection and colonization ( Arabidopsis suspension cells was found to primarily alter protein phosphorylation involved in core processes such as translation, RNA splicing and kinase signaling, suggesting a role in post-translational regulatory mechanisms ( Compared to the extensive research on the effects of Phi in plants, fewer studies have focused on its direct mode of action in pathogenic fungi and oomycetes

Clearing method for 3-dimensional immunofluorescence of osteoarthritic subchondral human bone reveals peripheral cholinergic nerves

10.1038/sj.npp.1301574 67